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Tphysicsletters/10.1490/77009901.9887tpl/New Elementary Particle Hypothesis: Yin–Yang Particles

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Tuesday, March 11, 2025 at 6:30:00 AM UTC

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New Elementary Particle Hypothesis: Yin–Yang Particles

Ferris Hsu Independent research studio, Xingfu Road, Ningbo city, China https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3175-2037
Theoretical Physics Letters

 2025 ° 11(03) ° 0690-9887

https://www.wikipt.org/tphysicsletters

DOI: https://doi.wikipt.org/10.1490/77009901.9887tpl

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Abstract

For centuries, we have been trying to find the most fundamental particles that make up the universe, culminating in the Standard Model, which contains over sixty elementary particles, including fermions and bosons. However, the Standard Model contains a large number of particles and fails to reveal the inherent connections among them, raising doubts about whether these particles are truly the most basic building blocks of the universe. The particles in the Standard Model are similar to the chemical elements in the periodic table. Without the discovery of more fundamental particles such as protons, neutrons, and electrons, the underlying reason for the periodicity of elements could not be explained. This article presents a new theory of elementary particles: Yin–Yang particles, which are more fundamental than those in the Standard Model and capable of explaining phenomena such as gravity and electromagnetic transduction. Drawing inspiration from Taoist philosophy, which holds that the universe consists of two elements, Yin (representing darkness) and Yang (representing brightness), the theory adopts these names, albeit with distinct interpretations. The proposed particles and their associated models aim to explain a range of physical phenomena, including light, electrons, quarks, black holes, electromagnetic waves, and electromagnetic conversions. Although purely hypothetical, this theory presents a compelling framework

Introduction
An ancient Eastern philosophy posits that the universe originated from nothingness, from which two opposing yet unified elements that constitute all things originated. Inspired by this philosophy, this article proposes that the universe is composed of two fundamental particles: Yin and Yang particle. The vacuum, in this context, consists of vacuum quanta, which are formed by the combination of Yin and Yang particles. The separation of these particles results in light and matter, while their combination constitutes vacuum quanta. The attributes of Yin and Yang particles are inherently opposite. The Yin particle is invisible, whereas the Yang particle is visible. Additionally, the Yin particle has a positive charge, while the Yang particle has a negative charge. Similar to electrons, Yin and Yang repel like charges and attract opposite charges, which is the basis of the force of electric charge. Electrons themselves are also composed of Yin and Yang particles. When Yin and Yang particles separate from a vacuum quantum, a “hole” is left behind. The concept of a hole here is similar to Dirac's theory of electrons and positrons[1]. A hole represents the opposite state of a vacuum quantum: while the vacuum is “calm”, the hole is “greedy”. This greed creates an attractive force that pulls in everything, including Yin and Yang particles, as well as other holes. Therefore, the holes described in this theory are analogous to black holes, which are the sources of gravitational force. Schrodinger’s wave function equation, a complex function involving real and imaginary numbers, is reinterpreted in this article. It is hypothesized that the real number corresponds to the visible Yang particle, while the imaginary number corresponds to the invisible Yin particle. The following sections explain various physical phenomena through the lens of the Yin–Yang particles theory.

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Conclusion
The main framework of the theory has been outlined, although certain details remain to be developed. While this article is somewhat preliminary, it aims to take a step beyond the Standard Model by proposing a structural connection between the particles proposed in this article and the primary elementary particles within the Standard Model. Regarding the fractal structure of the universe, there will be another forthcoming article explaining this in detail, which will focuses on vacuum quantum and the space-time structure of the universe. The conclusions from that work could potentially address many significant quantum issues, such as the quantum superposition state, the Pauli exclusion principle, and the wave function collapse of induced by observation. This article is just a theoretical hypothesis, but perhaps it could change our traditional thinking on our world.

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References
[1] Paul A.M. Dirac, (1933) Theory of electrons and positrons.
[2] Brouwer, L.E.J. (1913) "Über den natürlichen Dimensionsbegriff". Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik. 142: 146–152

Abstract
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