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Tphysicsletters/vol-10/no-7/Mutual stress flow theorem of electromagnetic field and extension of Newton's third law

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Mutual stress flow theorem of electromagnetic field and extension of Newton's third law

Shrzhao Zhao
Theoretical Physics Letters

2022 ° 01(01) ° 5987-6905

https://www.wikipt.org/tphysicsletters

DOI: 10.1490/665877402.647tpl

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Abstract


The author once developed Poynting theorem into the mutual energy theorem and mutual energy flow theorem. The author thought that the energy transferred by Poynting's theorem belongs to the self energy flow, but the self energy flow does not participate in the radiation, because the self energy flow finally returns to the radiation source through a time reversal wave. The author thought that the real energy transfer is done through the mutual energy flow. The mutual energy flow is the energy flow produced by the interaction between radiation source (light source) and absorption sink (light sink). Therefore, the author put forward the mutual energy theorem and the mutual energy flow theorem. The mutual energy flow theorem is an upgrade of Poynting's energy flow theorem. The author also updates the axioms in Maxwell's electromagnetic theory. The new axioms are the principle of mutual energy, the law of conservation of energy and the principle of self energy. These three new axioms are the upgrade of Maxwell's equations in electromagnetic field theory. When it comes to interaction, it includes not only energy and energy flow, but also momentum and stress. In this paper, the idea of mutual energy is developed from mutual energy flow to momentum related quantities, such as mutual momentum and mutual stress flow. There is the conservation law of momentum in electromagnetic field theory, including Maxwell stress tensor. The author further develops the law of conservation of mutual momentum, the law of conservation of impulse and the theorem of mutual stress flow. Newton's third law is the law of action and reaction at close range. The result of this paper has extended Newton's third law to the place of action-at-a-distance.

Introduction


In 1987, the author put forward the mutual energy theorem [1]. In 1989, the author published two subsequent papers on the mutual energy theorem [2,3]. Thirty years later, the author noticed that Wheeler Feynman's absorber theory [4,5], John Cramer's transactional interpretation of quantum mechanics [6,7]. The absorber theory is based on the principle of action-at-a-distance [8,9,10]. The absorber theory tried to tell us any current can radiates both retarded and advanced wave. The transactional interpretation of quantum mechanics told us that the emitter can radiate the retarded wave, the absorber can radiate the advanced wave. About the advanced wave, there good reference [11]. In addition, the author also noticed the reciprocity theorem of Welch and Rumsey, de Hoop [12,13,14]. These three reciprocity theorems are very close to the mutual energy theorem proposed by the author in mathematical formula. The main difference is the physical meaning. The mutual energy theorem requires that the two electromagnetic fields participating in the theorem are real physical quantities. The two quantities in the reciprocity theorem only need one to be physical and the other can be virtual. The function of reciprocity theorem is to simplify the calculation of electromagnetic field, it is similar to the Green function. For example, calculates the antenna directivity pattern. It can be applied to prove that the directivity pattern of receiving antenna is equal to that of transmitting antenna. For a microwave device with two ports, if port 1 is the input and port 2 is the output, there is an energy transfer ratio between the two ports. If port 1 and port 2 are swapped, the property that the transfer ratio does not change can be proved by the reciprocity theorem. The function of the mutual energy theorem is to discuss the transmission of energy and the conservation of energy. For a two-port device. The energy prepared for port 2 by the port 1 is equal to the energy obtained from port 2. For example, for an ideal transformer, the input energy of primary coil is equal to the output energy of the secondary coil. For a pair of transmitting and receiving antennas, the energy absorbed by the receiving antennas from the transmitting antennas is equal to the energy provided by the transmit antennas to the receiving antennas. In the mutual energy principle, not only the emitter, the transmitting antenna radiates the electromagnetic waves, but also the absorber and the receiving antenna. The emitter and the transmitting antenna are the light source, which produce the retarded wave radiation. The absorber and the receiving antenna are light sinks which generate advanced wave radiation. Therefore, the mutual energy theory admits that the advanced wave is objective and true. Based on the knowledge of the above from three aspects: 1) absorber theory, 2) mutual energy theorem of the author, 3) Welch / Rumsey /de Hoop reciprocity theorem, the author updates Maxwell's electromagnetic field theory. The electromagnetic field theory based on mutual energy is proposed. This theory includes three new axioms: the principle of mutual energy, the law of conservation of energy and the principle of self energy [15,16,17,18]. The principle of mutual energy replaces Maxwell equations. However, this substitution is not a simple one, but requires Maxwell equations to appear in pairs. In a pair groups of Maxwell's equations, one group corresponds to the light source and the other to the light sink. The light source can be the primary coil of transformer, transmitting antenna and the emitter. The light sink can be the secondary coil of the transformer, the receiving antenna, and the absorber. The author thinks that the light source emits retarded wave and the light sink emits advance wave. Both retarded wave and advanced wave satisfy Maxwell's equations. When the retarded wave and the advanced wave are synchronized, the two waves are superimposed to produce interaction, that is, the mutual energy flow. The mutual energy flow satisfies the mutual energy flow theorem. The mutual energy flow theorem is an enhanced version of the mutual energy theorem. The mutual energy theorem tells us that the energy radiated by the radiant point is equal to the energy absorbed by the absorbing point. The mutual energy flow theorem tells us that that energy is transferred through the mutual energy flow. The principle of self energy tells us that in addition to the retarded wave and the advanced wave there are the time reversal waves too. The time reversal waves make the wave collapse reversely. Quantum mechanics has the theory of wave collapse. Wave collapse can be realized by the combination of wave reverse collapse and a mutual energy flow process. The retarded wave and advance wave can form the mutual energy flow, but there is residual energy in space after the formation of mutual energy flow, which is also cleaned up by the time reversal wave. The remaining energy in space will eventually collapse backward to the point of the wave started. The theory of mutual energy flow is based on the study of Poynting energy theorem. Poynting energy theorem corresponds to the self energy flow of waves. So, our theory develops from self energy flow to mutual energy flow. The same idea can be applied to momentum. Corresponding to momentum, electromagnetic field has momentum conservation law. The law of conservation of momentum involves Maxwell's electromagnetic stress. Similarly, these can be regarded as the so-called law of conservation of momentum. The purpose of this paper is to deduce the corresponding law of mutual momentum and the law of mutual stress flow. Our idea to derive the law of mutual momentum and stress are consistent with the author's previous development from Poynting theorem (self-energy flow theorem) to the mutual energy flow theorem.

Conclusion


The traditional law of conservation of momentum of electromagnetic field describes the relationship between the momentum and stress of electromagnetic wave radiated by the light source. This paper puts forward the concept of mutual momentum and the law of conservation of mutual momentum. Two objects are considered. The force of an object on itself is zero. There is only interaction between objects. Two objects can be interacted. Two objects, one is the light source, the other is the light sink. The light source emits a retarded wave. What the light sink emits is an advanced wave. There is a mutual energy flow between the light source and the light sink. In addition, it is found that there is a mutual stress flow between the light source and the light sink. The mutual stress flow is responsible for the transfer of forces. The force is transferred from the light source to the light sink through the mutual stress flow. In this paper, the theorem of mutual stress flow is derived. The theorem of mutual stress flow is similar to the theorem of mutual energy flow, and the method of proof is also the same. The amount of mutual momentum in this paper is actually the momentum of a photon. So this paper is a deep description of photon momentum. The concept of mutual stress flow is a generalization of Newton's third law. Newton's third law is the relationship between action and reaction when there is no distance between two objects. The mutual stress flow theorem in this paper gives the relationship between the forces of two objects with distance between the light source and the light sink. The relationship between the forces shows that the forces are transferred through the mutual stress flow. The effect of light source on light sink is retarded. The effect of light sink on light source is advanced. Because of this retarded and advanced action and reaction, Newton's third law (the force and reaction force are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction) becomes the law of conservation of mutual impulse. In a word, this paper deduces the conservation law of mutual momentum. Newton's third law is generalized. The law of conservation of impulse between objects is derived. The law of mutual stress flow is derived. This article draws the conclusion that all macroscopic waves, such as water waves and sound waves, has a conclusion of the retarded wave and the advanced wave. According to the principle of mutual energy and self-energy, all particles, including photons, electrons, etc., are transmitted through mutual energy flow. The force is transmitted by the mutual stress flow. We can say that all particles are mutual energy flow/mutual stress flow. The mutual energy flow/mutual stress flow is composed of the retarded wave from the source (emitter) and the advanced wave from the sink (absorber). The retarded wave transmits the action force. The advanced wave transmits the reaction force. Since a macroscopic object is just multiple particles, its reaction force should be similar to that of a single particle. Therefore, the action should be transmitted in the form of a retarded wave, and the reaction should be transmitted in the form of an advanced wave. This article examines Newton’s third law and finds that on every surface of an object, the value of the action and the reaction are the same and the directions are opposite. If the speed of the action and reaction is not infinite, the action must be transmitted in the form of a retarded wave, and the reaction must be advanced waves.

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References


[1] Shuang ren Zhao. The application of mutual energy theorem in expansion of radiation fields in spherical waves. ACTA Electronica Sinica, P.R. of China, 15(3):88_93, 1987.
[2] Shuangren Zhao. The application of mutual energy formula in expansion of plane waves. Journal of Electronics, P. R. China, 11(2):204_208, March 1989.
[3] Shuangren Zhao. The simplification of formulas of electromagnetic fields by using mutual energy formula. Journal of Electronics, P.R. of China, 11(1):73_77, January 1989.
[4] Wheeler, J. A.; Feynman, R. P. (April 1945). "Interaction with the Absorber as the Mechanism of Radiation" (PDF). Reviews of Modern Physics. 17 (2–3): 157–181. Bibcode:1945RvMP...17..157W. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.17.157. https://authors.library.caltech.edu/11095/1/WHErmp45.pdf
[5] Wheeler, J. A.; Feynman, R. P. (July 1949). "Classical Electrodynamics in Terms of Direct Interparticle Action". Reviews of Modern Physics. 21 (3): 425–433. Bibcode:1949RvMP...21..425W. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.21.425.
[6] John Cramer. The transactional interpretation of quantum mechanics. Reviews of Modern Physics, 58:647_688, 1986.
[7] John Cramer. An overview of the transactional interpretation. International Journal of Theoretical Physics, 27:227, 1988.
[8] K. Schwarzschild. Nachr. ges. Wiss. Gottingen, pages 128,132, 1903.
[9] H. Tetrode. Zeitschrift fuer Physik, 10:137, 1922.
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[11] Lawrence M. Stephenson. The relevance of advanced potential solutions of Maxwell's equations for special and general relativity. Physics Essays, 13(1), 2000.
[12] W. J. Welch. Reciprocity theorems for electromagnetic fields whose time dependence is arbitrary. IRE trans. On Antennas and Propagation, 8(1):68_73, January 1960.
[13] V.H. Rumsey. A short way of solving advanced problems in electromagnetic fields and other linear systems. IEEE Transactions on antennas and Propagation, 11(1):73-86, January 1963
[14] Adrianus T. de Hoop. Time-domain reciprocity theorems for electromagnetic fields in dispersive media. Radio Science, 22(7):1171_1178, December 1987.
[15] Shuang ren Zhao. A new interpretation of quantum physics: Mutual energy flow interpretation. American Journal of Modern Physics and Application, 4(3):12_23, 2017.
[16] Shuang-ren Zhao, Photon Can Be Described as the Normalized Mutual Energy Flow. Journal of Modern Physics Vol.11 No.5, May 2020. DOI: 10.4236/jmp.2020.115043
[17] Shuang-ren Zhao, A solution for wave-particle duality using the mutual energy principle corresponding to Schrödinger equation, physics tomorrow letter (Theoretical Physics Letters), 2020 01(07) 08-02. https://www.wikipt.org/tphysicsletters, DOI: 10.1490/ptl.dxdoi.com/08-02tpl-sci
[18] Shuang-ren Zhao, Huygens principle based on mutual energy flow theorem and the comparison to the path integral, physics tomorrow letter(Theoretical Physics Letters), 2021, 04(01) 09-06, https://www.wikipt.org/tphysicsletters, DOI: 10.1490/ptl.dxdoi.com/09-06-tpl-sci.
[19] J. H. Poynting, "On the Transfer of Energy in the Electromagnetic Field"

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