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MM and KB acknowledge support from NSF grant AST-2009441. Research by DC is supported by NSF grant AST-1814208. ABP is supported by NSF grant AST-1813881. JLC acknowledges support from NSF grant AST-1816196. CEMV is supported by the international Gemini Observatory, a program of NSF’s NOIRLab, which is managed by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation, on behalf of the Gemini partnership of Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, the Republic of Korea, and the United States of America. DJS acknowledges support from NSF grant AST-1821967 and AST-2205863. JACB acknowledges support from FONDECYT Regular N 1220083.
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We report results from a systematic wide-area search for faint dwarf galaxies at heliocentric distances from 0.3 to 2 Mpc using the full six years of data from the Dark Energy Survey (DES). Unlike previous searches over the DES data, this search specifically targeted a field population of faint galaxies located beyond the Milky Way virial radius. We derive our detection efficiency for faint, resolved dwarf galaxies in the Local Volume with a set of synthetic galaxies and expect our search to be complete to MV ∼ (−7, −10) mag for galaxies at D = (0.3, 2.0) Mpc respectively. We find no new field dwarfs in the DES footprint, but we report the discovery of one high-significance candidate dwarf galaxy at a distance of 2.2 +0.05 −0.12 Mpc, a potential satellite of the Local Volume galaxy NGC 55, separated by 47 arcmin (physical separation as small as 30 kpc). We estimate this dwarf galaxy to have an absolute V-band magnitude of −8.0 +0.5 −0.3 mag and an azimuthally averaged physical half-light radius of 2.2 +0.5 −0.4 kpc, making this one of the lowest surface brightness galaxies ever found with µ = 32.3 mag arcsec−2 . This is the largest, most diffuse galaxy known at this luminosity, suggesting possible tidal interactions with its host.
Dwarf galaxies are the most abundant galaxies in the Universe, and their demographics offer a unique probe into galaxy formation and feedback processes, reionization, and the nature of dark matter. The brightest Local Group (LG) galaxies were historically discovered predominantly in visual searches of photographic plates (Shapley 1938a,b; Harrington & Wilson 1950; Wilson 1955; Cannon et al. 1977; Irwin et al. 1990; Ibata et al. 1994). Large digital sky surveys have since allowed for fainter systems to be discovered using statistical matched-filter techniques, identifying faint dwarf galaxies as arcminute-scale overdensities of old, metal poor stars (Willman et al. 2005a,b; Zucker et al. 2006a,b; Belokurov et al. 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010; Grillmair 2006, 2009; Sakamoto & Hasegawa 2006; Irwin et al. 2007; Walsh et al. 2007). Searches using these matched filter techniques have been applied to the current generation of wide imaging surveys to detect yet fainter and more distant systems (Bechtol et al. 2015; DrlicaWagner et al. 2015; Koposov et al. 2015, 2018; Kim et al. 2015a,b; Kim & Jerjen 2015; Martin et al. 2015; Laevens et al. 2015a,b; Torrealba et al. 2016a,b, 2018, 2019; Homma et al. 2016, 2018, 2019; Luque et al. 2017; Mau et al. 2020; Cerny et al. 2021b, 2022, 2023). Ultra-faint dwarf galaxies (MV ≳ −7.7, Simon 2019) are the most dark matter-dominated systems known and represent the extreme limit of the galaxy formation process, likely inhabiting the lowest-mass dark matter halos capable of hosting star formation (Nadler et al. 2020). Recent systematic searches for ultra-faint Milky Way (MW) satellite galaxies over ∼ 80% of the sky have allowed for robust inferences about the population of such galaxies within the virial radius of the MW (Koposov et al. 2008; Drlica-Wagner et al. 2020). This census has allowed for the first constraints on the galaxy-halo connection for dark matter halos below 108 M⊙, including evidence for the statistical impact of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) on the MW satellite population (Nadler et al. 2020), and limits on the properties of several alternative dark matter models (Newton et al. 2018, 2021; Kim et al. 2018; Nadler et al. 2021; Mau et al. 2022).However, the population of LG galaxies beyond the MW virial radius (300 kpc) is less explored. Dwarf galaxies dominate the universe by number, yet a precise census of these objects remains challenging due to their inherently faint nature and the limited sensitivity of observational surveys. In the nearby universe, these low-luminosity dwarf galaxies are detected in optical imaging surveys as arcminute-scale statistical overdensities of individually resolved stars. Previous searches for distant dwarf galaxies have primarily been targeted searches of the halos of larger host galaxies, typically out to their virial radii. .............
designated DES J0015- 3825, based on a stellar population consistent with the tip of the red giant branch of an old, metal-poor stellar population at a distance of ∼ 2 Mpc (Section 3). We use deeper follow-up DECam images of the candidate to confirm and characterize it. The proximity of DES J0015-3825 to the LMC-mass galaxy NGC 55 suggests the presence of a low luminosity central-satellite system and possible tidal interactions between the two galaxies; we therefore refer to the candidate dwarf galaxy as NGC 55-dw1 throughout this paper. Finally, we discuss the implications for the total galaxy population within 2 Mpc and the outlook for searches with future wide-area imaging surveys (Section 4).
We performed a search over the DES Y6 data for faint field dwarf galaxies with heliocentric distances D = 0.3−2 Mpc using the simple matched-filter search algorithm. This algorithm identifies galaxies as arcminutescale overdensities of individually resolved stars. We assessed the completeness of our search by the injection and recovery of synthetic galaxies inserted into the DES data at the catalog level, with a small number of galaxies being inserted at the image level to assess blending effects. For smaller ultra-faints (physical half-light radius ≲ 100 pc), we expect completeness to roughly MV = −6.5 mag for galaxies with D = 0.5 Mpc and MV = −10.5 mag for galaxies with D = 2 Mpc. For larger galaxies (physical half-light radius ≳ 1000 pc), we expect completeness to roughly MV = −8.5 mag for galaxies with D ≤ 1.0 Mpc and MV = −10.0 mag for galaxies with D = 2 Mpc. We do not find any new dwarf galaxies within our search space. Based on a set of high-resolution cosmological zoom-in simulations of LG-like volumes, this result is not entirely inconsistent with expectations despite these simulations often predicting the existence of several detectable galaxies visible to our survey. With the exception of the unresolved Tucana B, we do recover the known galaxies within our search volume at high significance
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